CAMPI FLEGREI: ITALY’S SUPERVOLCANO PT4: ERUPTION SIMULATION IN PRESENT DAY

#campiflegrei #italiansupervolcano #italysupervolcano #supervolcanoinitaly #phlegreanfields #phlegraean #mountvesuvius #pompeii #supervolcano
This is the final episode in the Campi Flegrei series. We will be covering an eruption simulation of Campi Flegrei in modern times, only we will be scaling up its explosivity. (See below for more info regarding the reasoning behind why I chose the explosivity demonstrated in this video).

Alongside the simulation I will be covering the final few key questions regarding how Campi Flegrei is so powerful and is able to erupt at a frequency unlike any Volcano on Earth, and the why to go alongside this. I will also cover the new discovery documented this year about yet another mega eruption and how it has remained hidden from scientists for so long as well as the fact there are many, many other known eruptions that still require proving. I list all known eruptions up to 315,000 years ago.

I will also go into detail regarding how Campi Flegrei has literally constructed its own concrete prison, and this “prison” is actively working to prevent an eruption from taking place by reinforcing the earth above it to a very large degree. It’s providing an elasticity against the unusual seismicity as well as incredibly strong reinforcement. The Romans actually modeled this unknowingly and you’ll find out what I mean.

Lastly, I cover the landscape and very complex geological features at the end after the simulation.

I said in prior episodes that I would be recreating the First Phlegraean Period’s eruption, however, there was a new discovery only last month that solidified my hypothesis regarding Campi Flegrei’s ability to quickly conceal past major eruptions with the giant ones proceeding them. As a result, since we know Campi Flegrei has erupted since 315,000 years ago and I strongly believe Campi Flegrei erupted at a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 in the past, and have a hypothesis of how it might’ve looked due to how present day Italy actually bares the marks of a giant caldera, far larger than the one seen in the first phlegraean period, that I believe more and more could have been one of its first eruptions that could have been even larger than Toba. I might make a video on this in the future but will spent more time studying before I do.

Another reason I chose a VEI 8 demonstration is this is a great benchmark to place other known giant super volcanic eruptions against. In this video, I am recreating at a minimum the size of material released during the La Garita Super Eruption which was at a minimum a release of 5000 cubic kilometers of volcanic fall out. I have only seen yellowstone recreations and yellowstone didn’t come anywhere near as close to the La Garita Eruption even though it is part of the same complex.

🎥 If you would like to support this channel, consider joining our Patreon:
patreon.com/OzGeology

👉 You can also click the “join” button to join our Youtube channel’s membership. Every contribution helps to create more videos.

🌋 Subscribe to our Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxLrvjGBzYmj8W1rJToPasgsub_confirmation=1

💥Link To Our Facebook:
https://facebook.com/OzGeology

🔥 Check Out The OzGeology Website:
https://www.ozgeology.com

Timeline:

0:00 – 2:38 Intro + What To Expect
2:38 – 5:10 New Eruption Discovery
4:50 All Eruptions We Know Of
5:10 – 8:55 – Self Made Prison
6:38 – How It Made It
7:20 – Prison Infographic
8:55 – 9:15 – Intro to Simulation
9:15 – 10:06 2009 & Solfatara Di Pozzuoli
10:06 – Pisciarelli 2009 & Increase In Activity
10:21 – 1950 – Present Level of Uplift
11:07 – Earthquake in 2017
11:36 – Simulation Start
12:05 – Leading Up To Eruption
12:45 – Day Before Eruption
13:22 – Morning of Eruption
15:50 – Mega Tsunamis
16:27 – First Italy, Then The World
16:55 – Ash Cloud Spread Infographic
17:14 – Fallout Release Infographic
17:41 – Detailed Look Into Ash Cloud Spread (Infographics)
20:08 – 1 Day After The Eruption
22:07 – 2 Days After The Eruption
25:35 – 3 Days After The Eruption
27:14 – 4 Days After The Eruption
31:03 – 5 Days After The Eruption
32:20 – 6 Days After The Eruption
34-45 – 7 Days After The Eruption
36:21 – 8 Days After The Eruption
37:35 – 9 Days After The Eruption
38:53 – 10 Days After The Eruption
42:00 – 11 Days After The Eruption
43:42 – 12 Days After The Eruption
44:49 – 17 Days After The Eruption
46:12 – The Aftermath: The Weeks And Months Following Following The Eruption
48:06 – The Final Impact It Has
49:28 – The Positives
50:52 – End of Simulation
50:53 – Why Is Campi Flegrei So Powerful? + Infographics On Complex Geology of Italy

Welkom by die vierde en laaste episode in ons reeks op Campi Flegrei – Italië se berugte toesigskolano Ons het ‘n gedetailleerde reis deur die sand van die tyd geneem en elke bekende stap van Campi Flegrei se geskiedenis vanaf die eerste keer ontbloot cataclysmic mega-uitbarsting gedurende die eerste flegraanse tydperk veertigduisend jaar gelede, aan die reusagtige reeks mega-tsoenami’s wat gegenereer is deur die uitbarsting wat die tweede phlegraanse tydperk ruwweg geëindig het twaalfduisend jaar gelede. Daarna het ons voortgegaan om die ontstellende frekwensie te ontbloot wat die uitbarstings van die derde phlegraanse tydperk uitmaak wat ons gesien het om weg te reis agt duisend vC al die pad tot die vyftien en agt en dertig AD uitbarsting Die skakels vir al drie vorige episodes kan hieronder in die beskrywing gevind word. In hierdie video is ons vlak van detail drasties toeneem as ons die gebeure ondersoek wat sou voorkom as Campi Flegrei in die moderne tyd uitgebreek het, net met ‘n draai. Ons gaan die mees vernietigende super vulkaniese uitbarsting wat die mens bekend staan, gebruik as ‘n verwysingspunt vir kopie vir die glansplofbaarheidsindeks Dit beteken dat Campi Flegrei in hierdie analise op ‘n vulkaniese ontploffingsindeks van agt sal uitbreek Die rede vir hierdie verwysingspunt is om nie net die verwoesting van Campi Flegrei in hierdie scenario te ontgin nie Maar sal ook die wêreldwye effekte van ‘n ongelooflike kragtige illustrasie illustreer Super-vulkaniese uitbarsting deur te verken hoe die wêreld en die mensdom na die scenario sal lyk Ons sal ook presies dek hoe en waarom Campi Flegrei so ongelooflik anders en uniek is in vergelyking met enige ander vulkaan en super vulkaniese kompleks in die hele wêreld, beide uitgesterf en aktief, en hoe die grond bo dit as ‘n sterker as normale gevangenis optree vir die moderne Campi Flegrei se magma kamer wat in Die mees unieke omstandighede maak die aarde boonop sterker as normaal in ‘n ongelooflike mate wat tot vandag toe beperk sy uitbarsting. Dan gaan ons reg in die huidige dag duik en ‘n simulasie van ‘n mega-uitbarsting Ek het gevoel dat ‘n lang video-formaat nodig was vir hierdie finale episode om dit ongelooflik te kan doen super vulkaan geregtigheid, ek hoop jy verstaan. Vir dié van julle wat nie ‘n groot fan van langerformaatvideo’s is nie Ek het die video in dele afgebreek met die skakels na elke onderwerp wat ek in die beskrywingsvak hieronder sal plaas Voel vry om oor te gaan na dele wat jou die meeste belangstel Stuur asseblief ‘n opmerking om my te laat weet as jy van hierdie langer formaat video’s hou of as jy verkies Kortere of ‘n bietjie van beide, sodat ek dit kan faktoriseer in toekomstige video’s. Om te begin sal ek vinnig baie belangrike finale vrae dek, asook een nuwe ontdekking wat hierdie jaar by Campi Flegrei gemaak is So ek haat om te geniet in die Ek het jou so ‘n tipe van gedrag vertel, maar ek het jou so vertel! Moeilik genoeg gedurende die tyd Ek het hierdie skrif geskryf wat ek aan die einde van April vanjaar begin het, ‘n beslissende uitslag op nege en twintigduisend jaar oud Reuse-uitbarsting is gedokumenteer, geopenbaar, en uiteindelik gelys as ‘n aanvaarde feit in die wetenskaplike literatuur. Hierdie uitbarsting was nog ‘n reuse-een wat ‘n vulkaniese aslaag versprei het wat meer bedek was as honderd en vyftig duisend vierkante kilometer binne die episentrum van die uitbarsting. Die naam wat aan hierdie uitbarsting gegee word, is The Masseria Del Monte Tuff. Hoe het hierdie reuse-uitbarsting verberg van die oë en gedagtes van wetenskaplikes wat hierdie kompleks vir dekades bestudeer het? die resultate Dui aan dat hierdie uitbarsting deur Campi Flegrei soortgelyk was in die skaal van die Napolitaanse geel tuffkaldera, wat aan die einde van die tweede phlegraean periode geskep is. Die volgende stelling herhaal wat ek in die vorige episodes gesê het dat dit probeer om elke uitbarsting wat plaasgevind het, vas te stel by Campi Flegrei is amper onmoontlik, omdat ‘n groot uitbarsting wat daarop volg, ‘n baie goeie kans het heeltemal verberg sy bestaan ​​deur dit heeltemal te bedek So ek haal aan: "Die gebrek aan dik spoorbare deposito’s vir hierdie uitbarsting blyk te wees die gevolg van die uitbarsting dinamika en hul vernietiging en begrafnis deur meer onlangse aktiwiteite. Hierdie navorsing beklemtoon die voordele van ondersoek plofbare uitbarstingsrekords behoue ​​as as in sedimentêre rekords val wanneer die tempo akkuraat rekonstrueer word en omvang van vorige aktiwiteit by hoogs produktiewe vulkane soos Campi Flegrei. In die laaste episode Ek het die feit verklaar dat baie historiese Campi Flegrei uitbarstings, beide klein en groot is weggesteek deur die daaropvolgende uitbarstings wat na hulle plaasgevind het. Betekenis daar is baie meer uitbarstings wat by Campi Flegrei plaasgevind het as wat ons akkuraat kan doen beoordeel, en dit gaan terug oor driehonderdduisend jaar gelede en moontlik nog meer terug in die tyd. Baie webwerwe, insluitend dié van bekende wetenskaplike navorsingsinstellings, verklaar dat Campi Flegrei uitgebreek het in die tye wat Ons het definitief in ons reeks gedek, maar daarbenewens het dit ook al in tye so ver terug as uitgebreek driehonderd-en-vyftienduisend jaar gelede, tweehonderd-vyf-duisend jaar gelede, eenhonderd-en-sewentigduisend jaar gelede en ook ‘n eienaardige een op agtienduisend jaar gelede. En dit is afgesluit met argon dating, maar soos ons aanvaar het hierdie komplekse stelsel is baie moeilik om antwoorde te kry beslis genoeg om in aanvaarbare wetenskaplike literatuur gelys te word. Nou is daar ‘n ongelooflike unieke stel omstandighede met betrekking tot die samestelling van die terrein bo die huidige magma-kamer van Campi Flegrei en werk dit eintlik aktief beperk ‘n uitbarsting. Neem byvoorbeeld hierdie wetenskaplike abstrak deur die London Geological Society wat gepubliseer is in 2006 na vrese van ‘n dreigende uitbarsting deur Campi Flegrei wat stadig gestyg het verby die toneel van kommerwekkend na die stadium van Ag nee, dit gaan blaas, aangesien die seismisiteit in die streek tot abnormale bedrae toegeneem het. "In die laaste vier dekades. Campi Flegrei se kaldera is die wêreld se mees aktiewe kaldera wat gekenmerk word deur intense onrustafwykings met groot grond vervorming en seismisiteit, maar op die tyd van skryf het dit nie het uitloop op ‘n uitbarsting. Die resultate toon vir die eerste keer in ‘n vulkaan dat ‘n baie eienaardige meganisme episodes van onrus veroorsaak Dit behels hoofsaaklik die aktivering van die geotermiese stelsel van dieper magma reservoirs Die karakter en evolusie van onrust episodes word sterk beheer deur strukturele funksies soos die ring fout stelsel aan die grense van die caldera ineenstorting. " Dertien jaar nadat hierdie abstrak geskryf is, het die grond nog in hierdie dier gehou Dit werk so hard om van sy aardsakels ontslae te raak. Enige ander vulkaan op aarde sou nou uit die honderde aardbewings wat op hierdie webwerf plaasgevind het, uitgebreek het Dus, wat maak hierdie kompleks anders? Wel, Campi Flegrei het dit eintlik geskep eie tronk. Dit mag dalk raar wees, maar ek maak nie ‘n grap nie! as jy onthou in ons laaste episode het ons gesê Pozzolana was die kenmerkende tipe rots wat vrygestel is en tydens die uitbarsting van die derde Phlegraean-tydperk. Dit is deur die Romeinse Ryk gebruik wat dit direk van Pozzuoli gemyn het. Romeinse beton is berug om sterker en duursaam te wees as moderne beton en dit is van Pozzolana gemaak. Die Romeine het uitgekom as hulle limoen aan pozzolana bygevoeg het, die gevolglike mengsel het a gevorm belaglike duursame tipe sement wat gebruik is om geboue te bou, paaie, die Romeinse Colosseum, die Pantheon, en selfs die konstruksie van verskeie hawens in baie verskillende lande binne die Middellandse See-streek. Die Romeine kan dit egter nie meer betaal nie, maar Campi Flegrei het dit gedoen duisende jare voordat die ryk selfs gevorm het! Diep binne in die caldera van Campi Flegrei, rotse wat kalk bevat wat onder die magma-kamers sterk verwarmd geword het het aktief gereageer met die Pozzolana-sit bo die magma-kamer, wat tydens die derde Phlegraean-tydperk vrygestel is. wat ‘n Groot hoeveelhede Pozzolana word op die oppervlak van die Aarde gespeel, wat tot ‘n groot ophoping lei bo die magma kamer self en rondom dit in ‘n nabygeleë landskap. Dit is nogal ongelooflik Campi Flegrei het letterlik sementeer sy eie magma kamer wat ‘n kragtige beton-gevangenis vorm wat ‘n geweldige kragtige geword het pet rock, in staat om baie groter aardbewings te weerstaan ​​en vervormings in vergelyking met die tipiese rock make-up wat rondom enige ander vulkaan op aarde gevind word. Dit kan verklaar waarom daar nie ‘n groot uitbarsting was sedert die Pozzolana in die derde Phlegraean-tydperk vrygestel is nie. Die nadeel hiervan is natuurlik die hoeveelheid magma wat opgehoop word as gevolg van die feit dat dit nie deur middel van gereelde uitbarstings kan drup nie beteken die volgende groot uitbarsting kan eintlik die uitbarstingsgrootte waargeneem word in al die vorige uitbarstings wat aan die mens bekend is en dit is nog ‘n rede hoekom in die volgende scenario Ek wou ‘n ontleding van Campi Flegrei uitbreek by ‘n vulkaniese plofbaarheidsindeks van 8 So hierdie antwoorde waarom dit nog nie uitgebreek het nie, selfs met die toenemende frekwensie en krag van aardbewings in die afgelope paar dekades, Dit kan ook wees waarom Mount Vesuvius uitgebreek het op vlakke wat al hoe meer gevaarlik geword het verwoestend, met die twee wat ‘n gemeenskaplike magma kamer gedeel, kan die uitbarstingsfases die pad van die minste weerstand volg. So sonder verdere ado, Kom ons gaan ons reis vanaf 1538 tot die simulasie van ‘n moderne Campi Flegrei-uitbarsting. Na hierdie uitbarsting Ek gaan uiteindelik antwoord hoekom Campi Flegrei so kragtig is en uitbreek so dikwels, veral in vergelyking met ander super vulkane. Twee Duisend En Nege. Die solfatara se brul soos die uitbarsting trek naby. ‘N Solfatara is ‘n uitlaat wat swael uitstraal. Dit word ook dikwels as fumarole genoem Die solfatara di pozzuoli is die bekendste vent, Dit het eintlik in elf-en-negentig agt nC uitgebreek, wat ek nie in die vorige episode bedek het nie, omdat dit ‘n maskerende vulkaniese plofbaarheidsindeks was van een en ek wou beide die verlede en die hedendaagse Solfatara Di Pozzuoli opsom in dieselfde episode as wat dit baie klein was freatiese uitbarsting met baie min noemenswaardige inligting oor die onderwerp. Hierdie solfatara gevorm vierduisend jaar gelede gedurende die derde flause periode en dit is dampe sedert die Romeinse tyd vir medisinale doeleindes gebruik Die naam kom van die Latynse "Sulfa Terra" wat swael- of swawelgrond beteken. Wie sou gedink het dat vrot eiers ruik, kan as medisinale beskou word. Die Pisciarelli is nog ‘n solfatara wat een keer as onbeduidend beskou word. In twee duisend nege het Pisciarelli begin aandag skenk. Die aktiwiteit het skielik drasties toegeneem. Dit was ‘n wenk wat iets baie sleg en baie gevaarlik was onder die grond. Die land binne Campi Flegrei’s Kaldera het vir byna ‘n dekade gestyg en in twee duisend en twaalf het dit op ‘n vinniger tempo begin styg. Vanaf Januarie twee duisend en twaalf tot Junie twee duisend en dertien, die grond vinnig opgehef oor elf sentimeter of vier duim met ‘n piek van ongeveer drie sentimeter of een duim per maand gedurende twee duisend en twaalf. in tweeduisend en ses, ‘n vraestel in die Natuurkommunikasie het voorgestel dat ‘n nuwe gevaarlike fase deur Campi Flegrei ingevoer kan word. Van negentien vyftig tot voornoemde datum het die grond met meer as vier meter geswel. Wetenskaplikes voorspel ‘n caldera vloer sal sy verloor elastisiteit tussen vyf en twaalf punte vyf meter van opheffing waartydens die grond nie die uitgeoefende krag kan weerstaan ​​nie wat sou lei tot ‘n uitbarsting. In twee duisend sewentien aktiwiteit het so hoog geword dat ‘n uitbarsting gevrees is. ‘N Grootte vier aardbewing op die westelike rand van die kaldera het plaasgevind, twee mense doodgemaak en baie meer beseer. mense in Casamicciola, aan die noordelike kus van die eiland Ischia, wat suid van die episentrum geleë is. In dieselfde jaar Nog ‘n studie is vrygestel deur UCL en die Vesuvius-observatorium wat in Nature Communications gepubliseer is en ‘n uitbarsting aan die lig gebring kan word nader as wat voorheen gedink is. Nou is die tyd dat ons die krag van ‘n super vulkaan sal ontdek wanneer Campi Flegrei op ‘n vulkaniese ontploffingsindeks van agt uitbars. Dus, laat ons beweeg in die simulasie van gebeure wat lei tot die moderne uitbarsting en wat daaraan volg. Die uitbarsting van Campi Flegrei Die dag gaan na die nag en Europa, dan sal die hele wêreld getuig van Campi Flegrei se krag. In die maande voor die uitbarsting word aardbewings ooit gereeld en toenemend kragtiger as ooit ervaar in vorige eeue. Hulle kom sonder rustyd voor, met ‘n toenemende skaal en frekwensie. Paniek begin genereer soos nuusberigte en wetenskaplikes voorspel die uitbarsting van hierdie vulkaniese kompleks is nader as ooit tevore. Ander bly in ‘n gelukkige staat van onkunde en verwerp hierdie eise nadat hulle dit soveel keer gehoor het en hulle gaan voort met hul daaglikse lewens, terwyl die versigtigste hul besittings verpak en hul gesin so ver weg beweeg as wat hulle kan reis. Die meeste van hierdie mense sal dink hulle is veilig maar ongelukkig sal baie van hierdie mense nie ver genoeg gereis het om die uitbarsting te ontsnap nie Die dag voor die uitbarsting word honderde aardbewings gegenereer. Verberg van die blote oog onder die grond, Die magma breek die pozzolana uitmekaar wat dit so lank inhou, en dit rip die aarde bo-op dit soos dit opwaarts na die oppervlak beweeg. Soos nader kom, probeer die mense en diere om te slaap terwyl die aarde onder hulle beweeg. Angs is op sy hoogste as die plaaslike bevolking is gewoond aan aardbewings, maar hierdie verskynsel is iets heeltemal anders as wat normaalweg voorkom, en baie van hierdie mense dink dalk die verslae van ‘n dreigende uitbarsting was reg Dit word ‘n stelling wat tydens die laaste nag op hierdie aarde in die gedagtes van duisende mense eggo. In die vroeë oggend skud ‘n aardbewing van ‘n geweldige skaal die aarde gewelddadig. Geboue verkrummel uit die krag wat uitgeoefen word. Mense probeer om uit te vlug vir veiligheid. Skielik is ‘n flits ligte so helder dat dit enige iemand wat dit sien voorkom blindes maak, Met hierdie flits is die geluid so hard, dat dit onmiddellik oorborrels raak. Dit is alles wat die mense en diere in die episentrum sal hoor en sien voordat hulle dadelik is verdamp. Dit gebeur so vinnig dat erkenning van wat plaasvind kan nie gemonster word voordat die lewe letterlik uitgegooi word nie. Die grond ontplof by ‘n krag wat nooit gesien of selfs gesien is nie Verbeel jou deur ‘n mens. Namate die inhoud van die magma-kamer op die oppervlak uitblaas, het baie mense eenkeer huis toe gebring in duie stort. In die Baai van Napels reusagtige tsoenami’s word gegenereer vanuit die uitbarstende krag en daaropvolgende ineenstorting van die kaldera. Die reaksie van die enorme hoeveelheid magma wat nou in die baai kontak gemaak het met water produseer baie kragtige phreatomagmatic reaksies wat die krag van die uitbarsting verder uitbrei. Pyroclastic vloei in alle rigtings versmoor en vernietig alles in sy pad. Buite die nuutgevormde kaldera styg ‘n reuse-kolom hoog in die lug bereik goed meer as tagtig kilometer in hoogte of meer as vyftig myl. Lava bomme wat ‘n massa gegote rots is, word in alle rigtings gestuur, met sommige van hulle so groot soos ‘n motor en ander selfs groter. Die geluid van die uitbarsting begin sy reis regoor die wêreld. Die klankgolwe sal die hele wêreld verskeie kere versprei. Mense verder as vyfhonderd kilometer of driehonderd en tien myl weg het hul trommels gebars, en die geluid van die uitbarsting word deur mense so ver as China gehoor of in die teenoorgestelde rigting so ver as New York, moontlik nog verder. Brandende as brand enigiets wat dit in kontak bring met die feit dat dit op die aarde val, en ‘n massiewe wolk van as begin ‘n lang reis om te deel die vernietiging met die hele wêreld. Die son op hierdie dag staan ​​nooit in Italië op nie, en die omliggende lande ly gou dieselfde lot. Hierdie verskynsel sal vir ‘n goeie tydjie voortduur. Italië is nie meer herkenbaar nie, die hele omliggende landskap is heeltemal gesteriliseer, getransformeer en bedek met as, pyroklastiese vloei en puin val uit. Rome is heeltemal uit die kaart en die Colosseum is nie meer nie. Die Pozzolana gebruik om dit te skep is aan sy vervaardiger terugbesorg. Groot tsoenami’s vernietig alle omliggende lande Sardinië, Corsica, En Italië se noordelike kus word deur water ondergedompel. Malta en die Balearen neem gou deel aan die vernietiging. Die kuslyne van Frankryk, Spanje, Marokko, Algerië, Tunisië en Libië, word almal getref deur golwende golwe wat soveel moontlik grond optel. Tot ‘n mindere mate alhoewel nog steeds deur ‘n vernietigende hoeveelheid Griekeland, Albanië, Turkye, Ciprus, Egipte, Sirië, Libanon en Israel, word getref deur sekondêre golwe wat geproduseer word nadat die hoofgolf van Sardinië afgestorm het, Tunisië en Sicilië. Eerste Italië, dan die wêreld. Die kolom As geskep deur Campi Flegrei kan gesien word deur lande regoor die Middellandse See. ‘N gevoel van vrees oorwin diegene wat getuienis dat dit in die lug opkom. ‘N Super-vulkaan is so kragtig Dit buig die reëls en konvensies. Dit hoef nie die planetêre winde te volg nie Dit skep sy eie op grond van hoe kragtig die uitbarsting is. Die as versprei in ‘n omsendbrief beweging na alle nabygeleë gebiede, totdat dit genoeg krag verloor om dan uiteindelik deur planetêre winde gerig te word. Die lug word deur die aanvanklike aswolk gesmoor voordat dit uiteindelik genoeg krag verloor om te begin om die rigting van die wind te volg versprei na die res van die aarde. Meer as vyf duisend kubieke kilometer se puin word vrygestel van hierdie uitbarsting, wat genoeg is om die hele Italië ‘n paar keer te begrawe. Soos die uitgebreekte krag wat gegenereer word, verswak, dit volg ‘n noordoostelike rigting wat deur die planetêre winde gedra word. Van die Kreta-eiland tot by Duitsland begin die skadelike son, die sondige wolk van die dood, sy wêreldwye reis. En ons gaan saam met dit soos dit versprei verder en verder oos, Volg ‘n pad wat nou voorspelbaar is soos dit deur die konsekwente planetêre winde gedra word. Stadium een Die aswolk reis na Rusland en smoor alle lande Dit kom oor as dit sy reis daaruit maak. Dit gaan voort om die hele te verduister reusagtige grondgebied van Rusland, waarna sy reis dit oor die Noord-Stille Oseaan en Beringsee oorneem. Gedeelte van die nou verstrooide dik aswolk word in ‘n noordoostelike handelswind gevang, dit verdeel die dik wolk uitmekaar stuur dit in twee rigtings. Die eerste rig die groot deel van die dik skadelike wolk oor die Bering See en Noordelike deel van die Stille Oseaan, waar dit dan oorval in Alaska, Kanada en byna al die Verenigde State behalwe die suidelike state, sowel as Groenland en Ysland. Dit sal dan oor die Noord-Atlantiese Oseaan voortduur wat die res van Europa van die boonste punt tot by Campi Flegrei se oorspronklike uitbarstingsentrum dek. Fase 2. Die tweede rigting geskei deur die noord-oostelike handelswinde sal ‘n baie groot gedeelte van hierdie aswolk na Japan lei, dan China, die Filippyne, die noordelike punt van Indonesië, en die hele Maleisië en die omliggende lande. By die tref van Indië sal die wolk in nog twee rigtings versprei. Die eerste gedeelte sou sy reis langs sy beoogde pad voortduur en die Midde-Ooste en die noordelike gedeelte van Afrika sou oorkom, Waar dit dan oor die Mid-Atlantiese Oseaan sou reis voordat dit die skynbaar vrye suidelike deel van die Verenigde State, sowel as die hele Mexiko, Die Karibiese Eilande, en die noordelike punt van Suid-Amerika. Fase 3 Die ander rigting wat verdeel is toe dit oor Indië swaai, sou dwingend suid daarvan oor die Indiese Oseaan gerig word voordat dit in die suid-oostelike handelswinde betrap is, wat sal dan hierdie skadelike wolk oor die suidelike deel van Afrika uit die middel van die pad na die suide lei punt daarvan, waarna dit oor die suidelike Atlantiese Oseaan sal reis na die binnekant van Suid-Amerika waar dit dan weer sou verdeel. Fase Vier. Die eerste gedeelte sal oor die Suidelike Stille Oseaan na Nieu-Seeland, Australië, En die oorblywende gebiede van Indonesië, Papoea-Nieu-Guinee, en al die omliggende eilande. Die ander rigting wat geneem sal word, word suid na Antarktika gerig, wat uiteindelik Tasmania tot by die oorblywende suidelike punt van Suid-Amerika sou verberg. Die wêreld word nou heeltemal gehul deur die giftige kombers van Campi Flegrei’s reuse-uitbarsting en die son verloor sy krag, soos die aarde begin afkoel. Een dag na die uitbarsting van Campi Flegrei Die isolasie begin Onmiddellik word die gevolge van hierdie aswolk baie duidelik, want dit versprei oor Europa as die wêreld. Mense vir ten minste drie geslagte het ‘n wêreld gekonfronteer wat aansienlik gekrimp het in die manier waarop ons die afstand van lande en kulture beskou sedert die uitvinding van die vliegtuig, die motor, en nog meer sedert die internet op die toneel gekom het. Een vir een, lande wat deur die dreigende gebruik word aswolk kom na ‘n stalletjie. Lugreise is nie meer ‘n moontlikheid in hierdie plekke nie as gevolg van die skuur wat deur voorwaarts gesig word Oppervlakke op kontak met vulkaniese as onder baie ander redes. Dit beteken die voorruit, voorste rande van die vlerke, en asakkumulasie binne oppervlak openinge, insluitend die enjin van die vliegtuig, veroorsaak skade aan die kompressor waaier, die skerp lemme in die proses erodeer en hul doeltreffendheid verminder. By die binnekring van die vliegtuig se verbrandingskamer word die as ingesluit verander vorm deur te smelt en word soos gesmelte glas. Stolling op turbine lemme volg. Dit blokkeer lugvloei en veroorsaak dat die enjin stalletel wat veroorsaak dat ‘n volledige verlies van die enjin stoot. Vliegtuie begin letterlik uit die lug val. ‘N Onbedoelde chaotiese kontak met die grond kom volgende. Die opsporing van aswolke is byna onmoontlik aan boord van vliegtuie aangesien daar nie aan boord is nie instrument om dit op te spoor. Op die grond in die lughawe word die sigbaarheid aansienlik verminder maak landing onmoontlik. Nie net dit veroorsaak die ophoping van as nie, maar ook ongelooflike gladde aanloopbane en taxiweë. Die as veroorsaak verdere skade aan kommunikasie en elektriese stelsels by lughawens sowel as onderbreking van gronddienste en beskadigende geboue en geparkeerde vliegtuie. Eintlik is iets wat die elektron met die as kontak maak, ‘n goeie kans om te misluk. Vinnige handel deur lugreise het skielik ‘n ding geword van die verlede. Noodgevalle moet minder hande hanteer as wat in meer as ‘n eeu gesien is, aangesien handel deur moderne voertuie ‘n realiteit geword het. Die wêreld lyk skielik soveel groter Twee dae na die uitbarsting Vars lug, o, hoe ek jou mis. Dit mag dalk nie as ‘n verrassing kom vir baie wat asemhaling in vulkaniese as vir jou sleg is nie. Trouens, dit is baie, baie sleg. Party mense mag dink dat dit nie anders sal wees as om in rook uit ‘n groot vuur te blaas nie, maar dit is merkwaardig anders. Die deeltjies in vulkaniese as is baie moeilik en het ronde rande. Dit beskadig nie net die oë en neus van mense en diere wat dit inasem nie, sowel as irriteer die longe, maar veroorsaak erge probleme met asemhaling asook fisiese trane in die weefsel van longe. Moenie vergeet nie, vulkans As kan in wese vergelyk word met ‘n nie-smeulende weergawe van gestolde lawa op ‘n klein skaal. Dit is basies soos klein skilde van bevrore magma. Dit bestaan ​​uit silika verbindings, dieselfde as die sand op jou gunsteling strand. Dit word so vinnig geskep tydens ‘n uitbarsting dat dit eintlik glas word, met elke individuele fragment konsekwent op ‘n lengte wat op ‘n maksimum is Nie meer as twee millimeter oor nie, met die meeste daarvan so klein Dit word direk ingeasem en intern na organe vervoer jy wil waarskynlik nie ‘n klein skerm van glas hê nie. Super vulkaniese uitbarstings is ongelooflik hoog in silika, in werklikheid die vlak van silika bereik ten minste 75% in die algehele samestelling binne die magma teenoor die normale 25 tot 50 persent wat die magma so styf maak, dit lyk soos tandepasta en dit direk beïnvloed hoe vernietigende uitbarstings as gevolg van toenemende magma-viskositeit. Die as sny die binnekant van jou kapillêre, Bronchioles, en alveoli. Soos u seker kan voorstel, is dit nie presies nie pynvry. as jy gelukkig genoeg was om oor die lang termyn te oorleef, jy kan ly aan silikose, wat voortspruit uit permanente littekens aan jou long. Maar om ‘n bietjie grafies te wees, sal die korneas op jou oë ook versleg word en jou oë sal begin bloei as blootgestel aan die as vir ‘n lang genoeg tyd vir die baie aanhalende stowwe om hul skade te doen, en wel, As jy naby Campi Flegrei is, of in ‘n plek naby die aanvanklike aswolk versprei sonder om binnekant te raak, Die dood sal waarskynlik plaasvind deur net ou ou verstikking. As die versperring van silika nie genoeg is om jou bang te maak nie, dan is die waterstoffluoried genoeg om jou daagliks madeliefies op te druk. Wel, dit is as daardie madeliefies die oorheersende vulkaniese aanranding kan oorleef, wat hulle nie kan en sal nie, sodat hulle by jou sal aansluit in jou onvermydelike lot. Waterstoffluoried word vinnig in die neus en in die boonste lugweg geabsorbeer. Erge oogirritasie, slymvliesbeskadiging, Sere, verbranding van die vel, neus, keel en longe, kom voor by net ‘n klein hoeveelheid blootstelling. Byvoorbeeld, Dit neem slegs vyf dele per miljoen vir ‘n afname in longfunksie in rus en verhoogde lugwegweerstand, teen ses dele per miljoen irritasie van die oë, neus en keel voorkom, en teen tien dele per miljoen vererger die irritasie tot byna ondraaglike vlakke. Tussen tien en vyftien dele per miljoen vind die drempel van toksisiteit vir langdurige blootstelling plaas en teen twintig dele per miljoen en meer, verlamming en dood vind plaas na langdurige blootstelling. Ongelukkig by honderd en vyftig dele per miljoen ‘n gesonde individu kan verwag om te oorleef vir slegs ‘n paar minute voor hy of sy swig tot ‘n baie pynlike en verstikkende lot, en die hoeveelheid wat deur ‘n super vulkaan vrygestel word, sal dit op sekere plekke ver oorskry, veral dié naby die uitbarsting. En jy het gedink die silika was sleg, jy het hierdie twee verskriklike verbindings om te hanteer, sowel as die res van die giftige cocktail wat vrygestel is van Campi Flegrei se uitbarsting. Drie dae na die uitbarsting Die mensdom grind tot stilstand Die uitbarsting van Campi Flegrei het alreeds massief veroorsaak ontwrigtings op baie verskillende maniere wat op sy beurt weer groot komplikasies vir die mensdom veroorsaak het. Sterftes is gely, waarvan ‘n tol gestyg het tot ‘n punt wat fisies ontelbaar is. kameelkoei die land self is ‘n taak wat moeilik genoeg is om nou as onmoontlik beskou te word. Ontwrigting oor paaie, spoorweë, hawens en skeepswese het al na drie dae ‘n tol geneem. Bly buite terwyl die toksiese pluim van ondergang wat poog om te blus alle lewe is onmoontlik sonder behoorlike toerusting, ‘n gasmasker, veiligheidsbril en volle lyfbeskerming van kop tot tone word ‘n noodsaaklikheid om buite te oorleef. Aangesien ashakke al hoe meer op huise en groot geboue ophoop, hierdie strukture val onder die ongelooflike gewig inmekaar, aangesien diegene wat op soek is na die toksiese aswolk in hierdie strukture op soek is na die noodlottige noodlot. Sigbaarheid word binne slegs ‘n voet of twee voor jou verminder. Bestuur is nie net uiters moeilik nie, maar ook ongelooflik gevaarlik. Motors wat meer as vyftig kilometer per uur of een en dertig myl per uur reis, roer die gevestigde as op die grond maak hierdie giftige deeltjies weer eens in die lug. Die ophoping van as skep slegs ‘n gevaarlike afname van traksie Vererger tydens nat toestande. Padmerke en die pad self is heeltemal bedek, en skielik word die gedagte van of jy eintlik selfs op ‘n pad ry, ‘n vraag wat dikwels oorweeg word. Maar dit sal lank nie ‘n probleem wees nie, want motors stop na ‘n paar dae om heeltemal te werk. Die lug- en oliefilters word heeltemal geblokkeer en vervanging word slegs na ‘n kort reisreis benodig. Vierdae na die uitbarsting Landbou word ‘n verre geheue. Vulkaniese streke op aarde is bekend vir die vervaardiging van sommige van die beste grond om gewasse en plante te groei, maar dit is na baie, baie jare verby, wanneer die grond toegelaat word om dreineer van enige toksisiteit en om ‘n ewewig van pH en mineraalinhoud te verkry wat vry van besoedeling is. Ongelukkig, hierdie reël geld nie tydens aktiewe vulkaniese uitbarstings of eerlik sal ons heeltemal goed wees om enige uitbarsting te oorleef nie Dit het ons nie direk in die eerste fase beïnvloed nie. Ongelukkig is die landbou bestem om ‘n slegte lot te ly as gevolg van Campi Flegrei se groot uitbarsting. Ash verdor en vermoor alle gewasse binne ‘n week of twee deur middel van verskillende meganismes. Die eerste direkte meganisme is die feit dat vulkaniese as chemikalieë bevat wat giftig is vir plante, waarvan sommige eintlik noodsaaklik is vir hul lewe in baie minimale hoeveelhede soos swael, maar in hoë hoeveelhede brand en vermoor die plant baie vinnig. Jy kan hierdie eerste hand sien as jy ‘n hoë hoeveelheid kunsmis op ‘n plant spuit, veral as jy dit onverdund maak. Dit skiet hulle baie vinnig dood. Die ergste moordenaar is verreweg die dodelike vlakke van Fluoor wat in vulkaniese as voorkom, wat nie net alle plante, diere, insekte en selfs doodmaak nie mikrobiese lewe wat onder die grond gevind word, wat in ooreenstemming met plante in ‘n gedeelde vennootskap van wedersydse voordele, maar besoedel ook die grond self. En dit word net erger. Dik as val meer as vyftien sentimeter of ses duim of meer, begrawe die weivelde en die grond onder dit. Dit is hoe mikrobiese dood plaasvind weens suurstofafwyking sowel as enige lewende plant wat nou deur dit gedek word, wat ook ‘n vinnige einde met begrafnis ontmoet. Bome versamel as op takke wat onder die gewig breek. Orchideeë ontmoet ‘n stadiger lot in vergelyking met gewasse soos koring, soja, rys, om ‘n paar te noem. Maar die hoë vlakke van fluoor, swael, silika, sowel as die ander chemikalieë en minerale wat in matige hoeveelhede toksies is, bereik ‘n vlak ver buite gematigde, en op kontak plant lewe gaan dit deur twee beteken. Dit word aangeneem deur die wortelsisteem van bome en plante wat lei tot ‘n onvermydelike dood, maar selfs meer dodelik as hierdie proses is die daad van blaarabsorpsie. Dit is ‘n belangrike absorpsiepadplant wat gebruik word en daardeur hulle gaan hierdie gifstowwe absorbeer wat uiteindelik tot ‘n baie vinniger lei noodlottigheid deur die organisme, as wat dit net deur die wortelstelsel aangeneem sou word, wat is ‘n proses wat baie stadiger is. Dit absorbeer baie meer van die bogenoemde toksiese verbindings in ‘n vinniger tydspan dan deur die wortels. Blaarabsorpsie is wanneer die blare van ‘n plant voedingstowwe inneem. Die blare van ‘n plant is baie soos die vel wat mense het, Dit het die vermoë om baie verskillende verbindings te absorbeer. Fungi such as mushrooms, which rely on oxygen in the same manner humans rely on it cease growing as their mycellial networks die from oxygen starvation. If the toxic slurry produced by the ash cloud doesn’t kill the most resilient trees, unfortunately the ability of ash to trap water would eventually water log the roots leading to root rot. If by the slimmest of chances a plant manages to survive the aforementioned amount of numerous deadly assaults cast upon it, the acid rain that falls steadily not only burns the plant but also affects the pH level of the soil, raising the acidity of it to unbearable levels and killing off the remainder of seemingly resilient life, that was scarce in number to begin with weeks after the eruption. Alongside the deadly pH swing is the reduction in the amount of phosphate and other minerals in the soil increasing the difficulty for growth and survival. Areas of the globe will have a devastating loss of life in all categories. Every part of the globe will be affected, but some may be lucky in the level of dispersal and fallout, especially if yearly rain is heavy and consistent such as what is experienced in tropical regions of the planet. Which might have some hope in survival, due to the eventual washing out of ash and the acidic minerals and elements left over by it. If there was a tremendously consistent amount of rain falling it is going to wash these out much quicker. Five days after the Eruption The food chain loses its links. With the contamination of the ground, livestock decline by the hundreds of thousands to millions very quickly. Grazing animals get gastrointestinal blockages from consuming ash covered grass leading to a quick expiration. As little as one millimeter of ash covered grass can kill grazing animals. If there are no other sources of feed, starvation is also a factor. With the decline and death of grain based agriculture, feed will quickly become scarce It will rise dramatically in price too. Wildlife also suffers. They fall prey to a horrible fate from the consumption of contaminated food and water sources. This includes carnivore,s that upon preying on the weak and grazing herbivores that are unable to flee or fight due to their weakened state, become poisoned from the contaminated food source. Obviously this also means humans are unable to consume poisoned livestock. This is because the toxic fluorine accumulates primarily in the skeletal tissues of terrestrial animals. This leeches into edible tissues and even the milk of mammalian fauna. This means no more cow’s milk, and no more cheese. Uncontaminated food becomes a near impossible task to obtain, and becomes ever fleeting as time passes. The food chain becomes horribly disrupted and ceases to be a chain. Six Days after the Eruption Traversing the sea during a volcanic apocalypse. Trucks, cars, planes, trains, and every other manner of transportation for essential goods, that are now more than ever required by the European countries that were first hit by the subsequent effects of Campi Flegrei’s eruption, become a distant memory for many countries. Hope is beyond fleeting. Even if there were unaffected countries that weren’t doing so bad and able to trade, as soon as they enter territories that are overcome by Campi Flegrei’s ash cloud, they will be unable to journey further as their equipment and mode of transportation fails. Where there is a gist of hope however at this stage, lies solely within freight ships that attempt perilous journeys, making their way to the affected countries in an attempt to deliver vital goods. Food, medicine, fresh water, and much more is required by so many nations. The supply is scarce as more and more countries and entire territories become freshly enveloped by the spreading ash cloud. Fear is at an all-time high all over the world. Unfortunately, the freight ships never make it. Ash accumulates and blocks air and oil filters, it abrades moving parts within the engine. Vesiculated Ash, which is pumice and scoria, float on the surface of the ocean waves as the ship gets closer and closer to Europe. These are light volcanic rocks formed by the quick solidification of glassy lava and they present another horrific danger. They clog the water intakes of ships. The machinery that it relies on, then begins to overheat until irreparable damage and failure occurs. Navigation becomes an almost impossible task because of the thick smog, and the people aboard rely on their instruments to get to their destination. The ship comes to a halt, and without sails to navigate like vessels in ancient times, They are unable to continue moving to their destination. So they now sit, bobbing up and down in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, rocking from side to side. The people on board praying to find salvation. Perhaps by other humans or by floating to an area of dry land, which in the end won’t offer much safety. The much needed supplies go to waste as it never accomplishes its goal. Acid rain falls night and day. Navigation is impossible, and unless land is within the foot of your eyes the hope of seeing it will never happen. The acid rain eventually eats through the hull of the ship, alongside every other surface exposed to it. Water begins to enter and within twenty four hours, it, and its passengers, become one with the bottom of the ocean. No help is coming. Seven days after the Eruption Things seem to be getting a bit fishy Many humans forced to undergo the above events would probably begin to turn their attention towards seafood, and for a good reason. Surely this would be a better source of food with a lesser chance of contamination, reg? And even if contamination was present, surely the levels of it would be below fatal. Well, it depends. The fish that live within inland water sources are totally unfit for consumption as their water sources become poisoned, and those in the ocean though affected to a lesser degree, become a deadly game of, will I live or die when I eat this fish. Due to the fact that going out some distance into the ocean to fish with a boat is now an impossible task as previously mentioned, and even if you had a ship with sails, if you are unlucky enough to have acid rain falling while you’re in the middle of the ocean, it’s going to eat through them immediately. I mean acid rain eats through stone, metal, paint, it even eats through marble statues, and renders their once elegantly carved features unrecognizable. This means fish very close to the shores would be the only option, and right near the shore is where the highest level of oceanic contamination would occur through the many rivers and drains containing contaminated water flowing out into the ocean, causing widespread contamination at the shorelines. However, due to the increasing desperation of circumstances, that may be a game many of us would be willing to play. I’m yet to mention the major impact that oceans will succumb to and I will cover that very soon. It deserves a category of its own. Unfortunately, it’s not only food that gets contaminated, something far, far more important to all life on the planet also succumbs to its share of deadly contamination. Eight days after the Eruption Fresh Water becomes Death Water All reservoirs, rivers, lakes, creeks, and any other source of potentially fresh, potable water quickly becomes contaminated. Both from direct contact with ash fall and the fact that with each and every rain fall, water that contacts contaminated soil gets washed downstream, resulting in it eventually flowing into a body of water at some stage of its journey to the lowest ground. Whether that be a creek, lake, or large river. But it’s not only the above ground water that faces a problem, It’s also the groundwater itself that humans utilize, which is vital in many places as the only source of water, such as many islands and any desert that has an oasis, that the people who live there rely on to live. These sources of once potable water become rapidly overcome by toxic hydrogen fluoride. It also transforms much like the ground does from a stable pH, to a deadly and possibly fatal acidic beverage. Humans and animals begin to succumb to starvation and to their thirst, meeting a horribly fatal conclusion. The only way to drink fresh water in severely affected parts of the earth is through filtration, Which is beginning to become a scarce commodity and which becomes blocked in a very short time after use. Nine days after the Eruption The rain, it burns. Is there no cleansing to this hell fire? Hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are both compounds that become out gassed into the atmosphere, where they are then dissolved in water droplets. Once these two compounds are introduced to water vapor, they become hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, that eventually fall towards the Earth’s surface as acid rain. Hydrogen chloride is equally as harmful, it irritates mucous membranes of both the respiratory system and the eyes. A concentration of more than thirty five parts per million results in throat irritation and exposure to more than one hundred parts per million causes pulmonary edema and laryngeal spasms. It is also the direct factor to the aforementioned lowering of soil pH. Another lesser constituent of volcanic eruptions is bromine oxide, which breaks down the ozone when released into the stratosphere. It breaks it apart by taking a molecule of oxygen from it. This chemically converts ozone gas into oxygen. In two thousand and ten a relatively mild eruption in Iceland, which rated as a four on the volcanic explosivity index, resulted in the destruction of eight four percent of the surrounding ozone in only the first hour of the eruption with ninety percent destroyed in six hours preceding this. Now imagine that compared to a super volcanic eruption, with a volcanic explosivity index of eight. Ten days after the eruption Nothing works. Hope has faded. Telecommunication and broadcast networks become a thing of the past. Signal strength had slowly been waning due to damage, alongside the overloading of the network through user demand. Direct ash fall damages telecommunication equipment which require constant cooling via air conditioning units, which have since become blocked by ash fall until they are no longer able to function. Cable lines, aerials, and antennae dishes and towers collapse due to the accumulation and overwhelming weight of ash loading. Moist ash acts to accelerate corrosion of metal components in areas that have received rainfall. Computers lose functionality and usability but do not completely fail unless they are directly exposed to ash. Moist ash can cause an electrical short in desktop computers, But won’t effect laptops in the same manner. However all computers, both desktop and laptop, lose total functionality through the following scenario. The lights no longer operate. The volcanic ash has taken its toll on the electrical power supply systems at all levels of power generation, transformation, transmission, and distribution. First wet deposits of ash on high voltage insulators initiate a leakage current that inevitably leads to a short circuit current high enough to trip the circuit breaker. Ash induced flash over, which is the unintended electrical discharge around or over the surface of an insulating material burns and cracks the insulation to a state that is irreparable. This occurs on a grand scale. The volcanic ash then erodes and scours all exposed metallic apparatuses, affecting moving parts to the largest degree. Everything from water and wind turbines to the cooling fans that keep transformers and thermal power plants functioning ceases to operate. The physical weight of the ash itself causes line breakage and damages the steel towers and wooden poles that transmit the power across the grid Mankind is thrust centuries back in time and rely on a candle to offer a meager amount of light to extinguish yet a tiny amount of the never ending darkness. Water no longer travels through the pipes that once supplied the first affected countries and soon the rest of the severely affected countries around the world will follow. Water stations such as large water treatment plants become subject to interference due to airborne ash affecting the operation of wellhead pumps. The electrical outages also contribute by disrupting the many electrically powered pumps. If there are backup generators, they run on a very scarce time limit before they consume their reserves. Ash further affects treatment plants by blocking intake structures, causing severe damage to pump and impalas, as well as overloading to pump motors. To top things off, waterborne diseases become increasingly frequent as the suspended particles from the ash that have fallen into the water provide an excellent substrate for microorganisms, which flourish and reproduce at an alarmingly increased rate. This process can actually serve to protect them from disinfection treatment. On small water treatment plants ash quickly clogs intake structures, damages pumps, and blocks pipes. Disinfection becomes close to impossible, as does upkeep and repair. They are left to decay in time as humans become a sight no longer seen at these places. Eleven Days after the Eruption Disease outbreak reaches a pandemic Emergency services cease. Wastewater treatment facilities and wastewater networks would sustain similar damage to what causes the aforementioned water supply networks to begin to fail. Ash enters the sewage system and backs it up, causing double the impact on countries which rely on systems with a combined storm water and sewage lines. ash laden sewage entering the treatment plant finally brings down the mechanical pre-screening equipment. It then penetrates further into the system before settling and reducing the capacity of biological reactors, as well as increasing the volume of sludge, and even changing its composition. It becomes a bacterial haven and they begin to multiply at alarming rates. Emergency services are no longer available. Everyone is left to their own fate now, including them. Phones don’t work, vehicles don’t drive, hospitals no longer operate after power ceases to become available. Medicine is in very scarce supply as more and more people get sick from contaminated water. The backup of sewage that contains harmful bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, causing numerous ailments ranging from infections of the lungs, intestines, and gastroenteritis, which spreads amongst humans at an alarming rate as e coli, typhoid fever, salmonella, and cholera joined the assault on humanity. Whenever it rains heavily, sewage overflows onto the streets and near former treatment plants and even flows into water reserves, that are contaminated already from the volcanic ash, which like previously mentioned, causes these organisms to flourish even more. Many of these water sources, though contaminated, are still being used by desperate people suffering from severe thirst. This only acts to further proliferate the spread of these types of harmful organisms. Twelve days after the Eruption Desperation Spreads. Chaos is in full swing and a complete breakdown of society occurs in the heavily hit countries. Citizens arm themselves and take to the streets, robbing, and looting anything of conceivable value. Chaos becomes a new way of life, and participation in horrible, unfathomable things that have now become a common reality occur. First world countries become reduced to primitive tribal conflict, as some survivors form gangs and fight for the remaining scraps of food and water, while others, Heavily armed and knowledgeable, take what they can alone, in pairs, or in small groups. They are all doing whatever it takes to survive. Fires spread throughout the cities only barely illuminating the seemingly eternal darkness. The smoke from it thickens the already substantial dark smog that has trapped people within its choking grasp since the eruption occurred. People go from house to house taking what they need, using violence to get their way. The weak fall victim to the strong and the fabric of society has been undone. Humanity will never again be the same if it lives to see it through this seemingly never ending apocalypse Seventeen Days After The Eruption The Nuclear Contribution Seven days after the power grid ceased nuclear power plants that have now been abandoned while still in operation begin to explode in a fashion similar to the melt down of Chernobyl from overheating reactor cores. Normally automated protocols would shut down the reactor completely and autonomously, but this is dependent on the mainline and backup power being present. There are two ways this situation could proceed. Hopefully humans have the foresight to cool reactor cores down immediately following Campi Flegrei’s eruption and work to prevent a subsequent nuclear contamination adding yet another unbearable element to this already overwhelming disaster. However, since the power grid failed ten days after the eruption, whether or not humans would still be present at these facilities is questionable and for those countries that thought they could withstand what was coming or who substantially rely on nuclear power, this may not be an option in the mind of the person who decides the outcome to this critical situation. By the time he or she realizes that they were wrong and that their reactors needed to be shut down immediately, physically getting to the nuclear power plants may already be in a possible task. Many European countries rely on nuclear power, and if these plants exploded the level of cataclysmic destruction jumps up to unbelievable levels as radiation joins the fray and spreads to unfathomable distances across the globe. Chernobyl spread all across Europe and even reached America. The Aftermath The Weeks and Months following the Campi Flegrei Eruption In the weeks and months since the eruption of Campi Flegrei, Famines, disease outbreaks, violence from a breakdown of society, and many more factors have led to the end of an uncountable amount of life. Hundreds of millions to billions met their end from Campi Flegrei. To those still alive sickness is further proliferated from the decaying remnants of those that have succumbed to their fate, that are now rotting in the very same place where they drew their last staggered breath. The cold is unbearable The challenges produced by campi Flegrei’s eruption seem to never end and continue to echo into months and even years following the dreadful event. The notorious volcanic winter is now in full swing as the injected sulfur gases within the stratosphere undergo a series of reactions to create sulfuric acid, which nucleates and forms aerosols that cool the surface of the earth by reflecting the much needed solar radiation, as well as absorbing terrestrial radiation, which in unison lower the climate by a number of degrees below the norm. This produces catastrophic results especially in the temperate climates around the earth. In Europe any attempt within the next few years to grow and sustain a harvest of crops would be near impossible as crop failure is far more likely to occur as below normal temperatures in unison with unpredictable weather hamper any form of establishing a potential comeback through agriculture. With no heating, hypothermia is a very real threat. The environment rapidly changes resembling more of an ice age. Continental glaciations occur, further reducing plant, animal, and human life, even more than what has already occurred. Life becomes increasingly difficult. This volcanic winter will last at the very least over a decade and the weather will take many more years, perhaps even decades beyond that to fully stabilize. The Final Impact. Finally we reached the final effect of Campi Flegrei’s wrath. The disrupted climate through the injection of sulfur has another effect other than the dreaded volcanic winter. Huge volcanoes directly reduced the mean sea temperature, as well as obviously the land temperature. This lasts for many years and could last for multiple decades beyond the eruption. In part two of the Campi Flegrei Series, we mentioned and explained the process of thermal expansion and contraction. This process affects everything, including the sea water itself and the variability of its level. Thus with decreased heat content the result on the global sea level actually reduces it below the normal point. But it happens in a strange order. Firstly the sea level actually increases as a direct response to major Volcanic eruptions and the subsequent climatic effects that occur due to it. This is because after a volcanic eruption the subsequent blocking of solar radiation from entering, and the lowering of exiting terrestrial radiation, sees the rate of evaporation of the ocean reducing by a significant amount. Thus the rains that follow fill up water levels raising them in height until the process of evaporation begins to reach a new equilibrium, more on par with the shift in temperature. After one or two years, river discharge becomes less, due to the reduced precipitation and reduction of sea ice melting. The sea levels drop as a result. The Positives. Yes, there are some positives in an otherwise dark situation. The first is the sunsets look freaking amazing due to the sulfur aerosols that were released. But on a more relevant note, humanity would most likely survive. Less affected areas may be able to pull themselves through this situation. But those who are self sufficient and those who are lucky enough to live in tropical regions would likely make it through this horrific situation if they are dynamic enough. Modern humans have lost the survival instinct that our ancestors relied on, so hopefully they’ll be able to get this back quickly because they’re going to need it. Alongside this, the drop in temperature in tropical regions wouldn’t be quite as significant and devastating as what will be suffered by Europe and any temperate climate including southern Australia. And it’s likely that even with the decrease in solar radiation some food sources can still be grown and utilized effectively, as there are many plants that can be grown with low light, lettuce being an example among many. Humans may also survive the climatic effects felt in temperate regions. After all humans have proven themselves time and time again to be able to survive unimaginable difficulty. We are a very resilient creature, and with the amount of humans scattered in every part of the world, it is unlikely that this event will be the nail in humanity’s coffin. Unless we get really unlucky and some kind of massive meteorite decides to join the destruction and slam into the earth, Then we’d be toast. So with that, let’s get on to the big question. Why is Campi Flegrei so damn powerful? Even an eruption at a scale seen during the first phlegraean period would be enough to render most of Europe and many other surrounding and distant territories around the world plunged into a state of complete chaos and would follow the same series of events we just covered. Alongside this, the temperature around the entire globe will be affected. This volcanic complex erupts so powerfully, at a rate unheard of. So what’s causing this? The answer? The collision of three tectonic plates. In this situation we have two major and one micro plate colliding. The first major plate is the Eurasian Plate which is moving in a southeasterly direction. The second is the African plate, which is slamming into the Eurasian Plate as it forcefully pushes north. Now caught in between these two gigantic plates, is the Adriatic micro plate, also known as the Apulian micro plate. Between these three plates is the weakness within the earth where magma is able to rise both from the planets core, and from the friction and rock melting heat produced by the collision and subduction of the nearby Tectonic plates, as well as many fractures and places of instability along these points causing an even greater weak point. This weakness not only allows greater than usual magma to rise, but generates more magma than what would otherwise occur through the strange directions attempting to be achieved, and the resulting collision and subduction as a result of this. Thus we have the reason for the creation and existence of the Campanian volcanic arc, which begins around Rome with a few dormant volcanoes, and continues to Mount Etna in Sicily and even further down all the way to the Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia, which is a field of submarine volcanoes located southwest of Sicily. All of these derive their power from the same place within the earth. The only thing separating them is the differing degrees of weakness within this area of major collision. So this is what leads to the terrible reputation that is held by many Italian volcanoes. Etna in Sicily is considered the second most active volcano on the planet only being beaten by Hawaii’s volcanoes. Vesuvius is probably one of the most notorious and well-known city destroying volcanoes, And Campi Flegrei is the terrifying beast that hides near it, in a depression within the ground created from eruptions so destructive the exact amount of debris released and the amount of eruptions that have occurred might never be conclusively known. And so, with that, we reach the end of our long journey into Campi Flegrei’s history, legacy, and possible future outcome. When Campi Flegrei will finally break through its concrete prison isn’t known. it could be tomorrow, next week, or next year. One thing is certain. When it does ascend, Europe won’t be the same place, ever again. Thank you for watching. I’ll see you all in our next video.